This indicator provides information on wider employment, beyond academia, in R&D related to health. Job creation through new innovations, upskilling and investment in R&D can contribute to this overall level of employment activity in the sector. Source: Eurostat.
| Geo | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) | 67.9 | 67.7 | 67.5 | 68.3 | 69.1 | 70.2 | 71.4 | 72.4 | 73.2 | 72.4 |
| Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) | 68.4 | 68.0 | 67.7 | 68.2 | 69.0 | 70.0 | 71.0 | 72.0 | 72.7 | 71.7 |
| Belgium | 67.3 | 67.2 | 67.2 | 67.3 | 67.2 | 67.7 | 68.5 | 69.7 | 70.5 | 70.0 |
| Bulgaria | 62.7 | 62.8 | 63.3 | 64.8 | 66.9 | 67.4 | 71.1 | 72.1 | 74.7 | 73.1 |
| Czechia | 70.9 | 71.5 | 72.5 | 73.5 | 74.8 | 76.7 | 78.5 | 79.9 | 80.3 | 79.7 |
| Denmark | 74.8 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 74.7 | 75.4 | 76.0 | 76.6 | 77.5 | 78.3 | 77.8 |
| Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) | 76.5 | 76.9 | 77.3 | 77.7 | 78.0 | 78.6 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 80.6 | 80.0 |
| Estonia | 70.6 | 72.2 | 73.3 | 74.3 | 76.5 | 76.6 | 78.7 | 79.5 | 80.2 | 78.8 |
| Ireland | 64.6 | 64.5 | 66.5 | 68.1 | 69.9 | 71.4 | 73.0 | 74.1 | 75.1 | 73.4 |
| Greece | 59.3 | 54.5 | 52.5 | 53.1 | 54.8 | 55.9 | 57.4 | 59.0 | 60.8 | 58.3 |
| Spain | 62.0 | 59.6 | 58.6 | 59.9 | 62.0 | 63.9 | 65.5 | 67.0 | 68.0 | 65.7 |
| France | 69.5 | 69.7 | 69.7 | 70.0 | 70.3 | 70.7 | 71.3 | 72.0 | 72.3 | 72.1 |
| Croatia | 59.8 | 58.1 | 57.2 | 59.2 | 60.6 | 61.4 | 63.6 | 65.2 | 66.7 | 66.9 |
| Italy | 61.0 | 60.9 | 59.7 | 59.9 | 60.5 | 61.6 | 62.3 | 63.0 | 63.5 | 62.6 |
| Cyprus | 73.4 | 70.2 | 67.2 | 67.6 | 67.9 | 68.7 | 70.8 | 73.9 | 75.7 | 74.9 |
| Latvia | 66.1 | 67.9 | 69.5 | 70.6 | 72.5 | 73.0 | 74.6 | 76.8 | 77.3 | 76.9 |
| Lithuania | 66.9 | 68.5 | 69.9 | 71.8 | 73.3 | 75.2 | 76.0 | 77.8 | 78.2 | 76.7 |
| Luxembourg | 70.1 | 71.4 | 71.1 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 70.7 | 71.5 | 72.1 | 72.8 | 72.1 |
| Hungary | 62.8 | 63.8 | 65.2 | 68.7 | 70.9 | 73.7 | 75.4 | 76.7 | 77.6 | 77.5 |
| Malta | 61.6 | 63.9 | 66.2 | 67.9 | 69.0 | 71.1 | 73.0 | 75.5 | 76.8 | 77.3 |
| Netherlands | 76.4 | 76.6 | 75.9 | 75.4 | 76.4 | 77.1 | 78.0 | 79.2 | 80.1 | 80.0 |
| Austria | 74.2 | 74.4 | 74.6 | 74.2 | 74.3 | 74.8 | 75.4 | 76.2 | 76.8 | 74.8 |
| Poland | 64.5 | 64.7 | 64.9 | 66.5 | 67.8 | 69.3 | 70.9 | 72.2 | 73.0 | 73.6 |
| Portugal | 66.7 | 64.0 | 63.4 | 66.1 | 67.9 | 69.5 | 72.5 | 74.7 | 75.5 | 74.2 |
| Romania | 63.8 | 64.8 | 64.7 | 65.7 | 66.0 | 66.3 | 68.8 | 69.9 | 70.9 | 70.8 |
| Slovenia | 68.4 | 68.3 | 67.2 | 67.7 | 69.1 | 70.1 | 73.4 | 75.4 | 76.4 | 75.6 |
| Slovakia | 65.0 | 65.1 | 65.0 | 65.9 | 67.7 | 69.8 | 71.1 | 72.4 | 73.4 | 72.5 |
| Finland | 73.8 | 74.0 | 73.3 | 73.1 | 72.9 | 73.4 | 74.2 | 76.3 | 77.2 | 76.5 |
| Sweden | 79.4 | 79.4 | 79.8 | 80.0 | 80.5 | 81.2 | 81.8 | 82.4 | 82.1 | 80.8 |
| Iceland | 80.6 | 81.8 | 82.8 | 84.9 | 86.5 | 87.8 | 87.6 | 86.5 | 85.9 | 82.3 |
| Norway | 79.6 | 79.9 | 79.6 | 79.6 | 79.1 | 78.6 | 78.3 | 79.2 | 79.5 | 78.8 |
| Switzerland | 80.8 | 81.0 | 80.8 | 81.1 | 81.7 | 82.0 | 82.1 | 82.5 | 82.9 | 82.5 |
| Montenegro | 50.7 | 52.0 | 52.7 | 55.6 | 56.7 | 57.1 | 58.2 | 59.8 | 60.8 | 55.2 |
| North Macedonia | 48.4 | 48.2 | 50.3 | 51.3 | 51.9 | 53.3 | 54.8 | 56.1 | 59.2 | 59.1 |
| Serbia | - | - | - | 54.8 | 56.0 | 59.1 | 61.4 | 63.1 | 65.2 | 65.9 |
| Turkey | 52.2 | 52.8 | 53.4 | 53.2 | 53.9 | 54.4 | 55.3 | 55.6 | 53.8 | 51.0 |