Investment in R&D can create spillover benefits by promoting additional investment in R&D activities in the private sector. This can drive innovation and improvement, as well as supporting the creation of high quality jobs. Source: Eurostat
| Geo | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| European Union - 28 countries (2013-2020) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | - |
| Euro area - 19 countries (from 2015) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Belgium | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 |
| Bulgaria | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Czechia | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
| Denmark | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 |
| Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
| Estonia | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
| Ireland | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Greece | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Spain | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| France | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
| Croatia | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
| Italy | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Cyprus | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Latvia | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Lithuania | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
| Luxembourg | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Hungary | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| Malta | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Netherlands | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| Austria | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 |
| Poland | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| Portugal | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
| Romania | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Slovenia | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
| Slovakia | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Finland | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| Sweden | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
| Iceland | 2.6 | - | 2.4 | - | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| Norway | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| Switzerland | - | - | - | 2.9 | - | - | 3.0 | - | 3.0 | - | 3.2 | - |
| United Kingdom | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | - |
| Montenegro | - | - | 0.3 | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | - | - |
| North Macedonia | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | - |
| Serbia | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Turkey | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | - |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - |